Digital twins and real-world impact

Digital twins & real-wold impact

In a world of rapid tech advancements, Kista’s tech ecosystem spearheads digital twin advancement, with numerous companies and research teams pushing technological boundaries and demonstrating real-world applications across urban development and environmental sustainability.

The mix of digital twin projects underscores the importance of collaboration in driving new tech advancements. Within this ecosystem, a multitude of local research initiatives, and market- and government-driven projects are interconnected through overlapping project and reference groups. Datasets are shared among these projects to enrich the digital twins with diverse perspectives, enhancing their utility and scope, and creating an innovative arena for idea exchange and discoveries. This collaborative environment not only accelerates technological progress but also strengthens Kista’s role in hosting and fostering transformative projects in this field.

The potential of digital twins

A digital twin is a dynamic replica of a physical entity or system, bridging the physical and virtual worlds through data and simulation. This enables businesses and researchers to understand complexities, predict future conditions, and make informed decisions in real time.

Digital twins are applied in areas like urban planning, infrastructure, healthcare and manufacturing, offering unique insights into system performance and environmental impact. Lucas Uhlén, project leader at Kista Science City, highlights the practical benefits of these technologies, saying: ”Just as a shared blueprint guides everyone from plumbers to electricians in a building project, digital twins achieve a similar unity. They bring cross-disciplinary teams onto the same page, ensuring projects evolve smoothly from concept to integration. This approach fosters a common understanding of a challenge and its dependencies, which is vital for aligning diverse expertise and streamlining the development and maintenance of complex solutions.”

Spotlight on digital twin projects

Kista is home to several initiatives that showcase the practical applications and benefits of digital twins. From enhancing urban planning to optimizing environmental sustainability, these projects represent the cutting edge of digital twin solutions:

Digital Vision Kista, a collaborative partnership including the City of Stockholm, KTH, Ericsson, RISE, and Kista Science City, is pioneering the development of a visual 3D model for the Kista area. By integrating data from building plans, environmental sensors, and traffic patterns, this digital twin visualizes traffic flows and infrastructural changes. It offers valuable insights for traffic management and building energy needs throughout various stages of construction and use. The project aims to transform IoT sensor data into actionable insights for municipalities, demonstrating a model for leveraging digital twins in sustainable urban development and aligning with Agenda 2030 objectives.

Project Gemini is a collaboration between MIT and KTH through the Senseable Stockholm Lab, focusing on the impact of traffic flows on emission levels. Through the integration of emission sensors and traffic data, the project seeks to understand and mitigate environmental impacts in urban settings. This initiative illustrates how local synergies and shared data platforms can significantly contribute to developing sustainable urban environments.

Digital Vision Sverige, led by RISE, is an initiative to advance digital twin development across Sweden’s urban planning sector. By integrating data from multiple sources, digital twins offer a comprehensive view of urban landscapes, facilitating better planning, decision-making, and collaboration. This initiative aims to foster a resilient society prepared to face climate change, green transitions, and future crises through informed, data-driven strategies.

Synergies and collaboration

As the exploration and expansion of digital twins continue, Kista emerges as a focal point for this technological progress. Recognized by municipalities, academia, and industry alike as a natural hub for innovation, Kista facilitates a collaborative environment for knowledge exchange and the development of testbeds. In doing so, it plays an important role in realizing the potential of digital twins for the benefit of society and people.

Do you want to know more about Kista’s platform for testing and development of digital twins? Reach out to Lucas Uhlén at Kista Science City.



Safety in the digital age

Safety in the digital age

Perceived safety is a growing concern in cities across Sweden. As urban populations grow and environments become more complex, these challenges underscore the importance of creating secure, inclusive spaces for all residents. New technologies and models for collaboration offer key solutions to understanding and addressing these issues. This evolving landscape presents a prime opportunity for small tech companies to play a role in developing smart city solutions.

In 2023, the Safety Lab (Trygghetslabbet) served as a platform for municipalities, companies, and researchers to collaborate and explore innovative methods.
Several activities and initiatives took place within the Safety Lab framework and this article highlights two.

IMY pilot measuring public safety

This collaborative pilot investigated grey areas in data protection regulations, aiming to improve public sector efficiency and service while protecting citizen rights and privacy. The project, involving Kista Science City, IMY, IoT Sverige, and the City of Stockholm (Trafikkontoret), utilized LiDAR sensors to assess the effectiveness of safety measures by measuring movement in public spaces.

The “regulatory sandbox” format guides in interpreting and applying data protection regulations and opens doors for small tech companies to navigate complex regulations. This investigative and dialogue-based approach offered valuable learning and sharing opportunities for participating tech companies and stakeholders. The final report facilitates further understanding and serves as a reference for future projects navigating complex technology and legal grey areas.

Forum for urban safety with IoT

A series of workshops, aimed to accelerate learning and problem-solving through collaboration, focusing on leveraging Internet of Things (IoT) technologies to address urban safety concerns with a specific interest in ethics and integrity. These sessions brought together diverse stakeholders to brainstorm, share insights, and pilot innovative solutions directly impacting urban safety and community well-being. Nationellt forum för trygget i stadsrummet

Lucas Uhlén, project leader at Kista Science City, explains: “Our workshops were designed to initiate a testing environment where the focus was on how IoT can enhance the feeling of safety. By bringing together various actors, we sought to enhance our understanding of how innovative solutions can contribute to a safer, more appealing society.”

Uhlén further emphasizes the importance of early legal inclusion: “Engaging with legal experts from the start ensured our initiatives were grounded in respect for privacy, setting the course for this initiative but also setting an example for future projects.”

A model for the future

The Forum’s inclusive and forward-thinking approach complements traditional project methods. Integrating various stakeholders and legal considerations from the outset offers a valuable strategy for responsible and inclusive innovation across different sectors.

The Forum has laid the groundwork for future innovations, demonstrating the importance of collaboration, foresight, and a commitment to ethical principles in the pursuit of public safety.

Opportunities for businesses

The needs-based pilots in the Safety Lab have opened doors for small tech companies to break new ground. By understanding the public sector’s needs, participating in pilots, and actively engaging with stakeholders, companies can unlock valuable opportunities.

  • Gain early insight: Gain crucial knowledge about the market framework and stay ahead of the curve by understanding evolving needs.
  • Influence the market: Actively participate in pilots to shape future regulations and standards, ensuring your voice is heard in shaping the industry’s direction.
  • Drive market growth: Contribute to the overall growth of the IoT and public safety market through your innovative solutions, fostering a safer and more secure future for communities.

 

Read the report Trygghet-i-stadsrummet to learn more about the projects and how innovative solution are shaping safer urban environment.


Applied Autonomy establishes Swedish hub

Applied Autonomy establishes Swedish hub

Applied Autonomy, known for innovative work in autonomous transportation, has chosen Kista as a strategic hub for their Swedish operations. This decision marks an important step in the Norwegian company’s expansion and commitment to grow within the Swedish market.

Swedish base

Choosing Kista as a Swedish hub reflects Applied Autonomy’s commitment to being closer to key partners and to becoming part of the dynamic tech landscape in the area. CEO Olov Medland shares his perspective on this strategic decision:

– Kista’s unique combination of technological expertise and collaborative culture made it an ideal choice for us. We are excited about being part of this tech community, contributing to and benefiting from the synergies it offers.

Applied Autonomy is positioned to play a significant role in the evolving landscape of urban transport in Stockholm and Sweden. The company is enthusiastic about sharing its insights and experiences in autonomous transport and collaborating with other companies and innovators in this field. “The possibilities are endless, and we’re eager to explore them,” says Medland.

5G Ride

Applied Autonomy has recently joined the 5G Ride project. Central to their contribution is the xFlow® platform, an innovative solution that ensures a seamless link between vehicles, operators, and end-users, thereby enabling safe and efficient transport. Medland emphasizes the importance of this project:

– Joining 5G Ride was a natural decision for us. The project aligns perfectly with our capabilities, including xFlow®, and our commitment to shaping the future of autonomous transportation. Our participation in this innovative project is an excellent opportunity to demonstrate how our technology can be integrated into existing urban transport systems, enhancing safety, efficiency, and overall user experience.


Cross-border dialogue on autonomous public transport

In November 2023, the 5G Ride project partners from Ericsson, RISE, & Kista Science City, in collaboration with Drive Sweden Policy Lab, Trafikverket, and Transportstyrelsen visited Stavanger, Norway, to observe a full-scale autonomous bus in a real urban setting. This visit allowed the teams to witness the operation of a self-driving, full-scale bus navigating complex urban conditions, including traffic lights, roundabouts, lane changes, and a tunnel, at speeds of up to 40 km/h.

Observations from Stavanger

The primary objective of the Norway trip was to discuss and understand the challenges and opportunities of advanced pilot projects in autonomous public transport. The discussions highlighted the importance of close collaboration between different stakeholders – including tech developers, public transport authorities, and regulatory entities – to drive progress in this complex field. This approach is crucial for combining expertise, sharing insights, and aligning efforts towards common goals in autonomous transportation. Additionally, local Norwegian partners emphasized the value of continual development, focusing on real-world testing of these systems to enhance safety and efficiency in urban mobility.

A key topic during the Stavanger visit was the comparison of the regulatory environments for autonomous vehicle testing in Sweden and Norway. Each country’s approach to regulations and funding for research projects has significant affect for the development of autonomous transport solutions. This highlighted the importance of adaptable regulatory frameworks in supporting advancement and innovation within this field.

Applied Autonomy

The visit to Norway was hosted by Applied Autonomy, a new partner in the 5G Ride project. As a company specializing in software solutions for autonomous transportation, Applied Autonomy brings crucial expertise to the project. Their involvement is expected to enhance the project’s capabilities, particularly in terms of scalable and adaptable autonomous solutions. This partnership marks a big step in the collaborative effort to develop and implement advanced autonomous transport systems.

In addition to Applied Autonomy, the Norway visit saw participation from several organizations, including Adastec, Vy, and Kolumbus, along with representation from Statens vegvesen. Each of these organizations contributed to the success of this trip, bringing unique perspectives and expertise to the discussions and demonstrations.

Future Directions

Looking ahead, the 5G Ride project plans for new demo days and test with autonomous vehicles in Stockholm in 2024. As the project enters its next phase, the project remains committed to leveraging international learnings and local expertise to revolutionize urban mobility. The combined efforts are key in our journey towards a more connected and sustainable future in public transportation.


Nationellt forum för trygghet i stadsrummet - fokus på integritet och etik

En ny nationell mötesplats ska fokusera på hur vi kan utveckla kloka IoT-lösningar som kan att öka tryggheten i det offentliga rummet, samtidigt som individens integritet skyddas.

Trygghet på gator och torg är ett komplext problem som kräver innovativa arbetssätt. Nya teknologier, som IoT-sensorer och artificiell intelligens (AI), har stor potential att bidra till att minska otryggheten. Sensorer kan användas för att observera ljusförhållanden och trafikflöden, vilket kan bidra till en mer inbjudande miljö. Sensorer är också intressant för att förstå hur invånare använder allmänna platser. AI kan användas för att analysera data från sensorerna och identifiera både potentiella risksituationer som situationer som upplevs trivsamma. En sådan analys bidrar till ökad kunskap om nuläge samt kan effektivisera de insatser som görs för att öka attraktivitet och upplevd trygghet.

Det är dock viktigt att nya teknologier används på ett ansvarsfullt sätt och då krävs en mycket god förståelse för integritet och etik.

Tidigare i år startades Trygghetslabbet i Kista, ett innovationslabb som samlar företag, fastighetsägare, kommuner och akademi för att utveckla nya arbetssätt  för ökad trygghet i staden. Trygghetslabbet bidrar också till att utveckla marknaden för ny teknik och skapa nya affärer.  Här pågår under hösten en pilot som undersöker integritetsfrågor i samband med mätning av vistelsemönster på gator och torg. Piloten genomförs tillsammans med Stockholms stad, IoT Sverige och Integritetsskyddsmyndigheterns (IMY) regulatoriska testverksamhet.

Nu kompletteras Trygghetslabbet med ett nytt strategiskt projekt på uppdrag av IoT Sverige. Svenska städer som arbetar aktivt med trygghet i staden och Internet of Things-tekniker samlas till en nationell mötesplats, ett forum, för erfarenhetsutbyte och lärande. Forumet kommer att fokusera på integritet, som är adresserat i dataskyddsförordningen (GDPR), och etik.

Forumet är ett samarbete mellan Kista Science City, IoT Sverige och flera svenska städer som arbetar aktivt med att hitta lösningar för ökad trygghet i staden.
Unikt för forumet är att det samlar många olika roller, från kommuner, städer och även leverantörer och experter. Detta möjliggör många perspektiv i diskussioner om komplexa frågor, något som varit efterfrågat. 

Vanessa Ware, projektledare på Kista Science City, säger att samarbete och kunskapsdelning är avgörande för att utvecklahållbara lösningar på problemet med trygghet i offentliga miljöer. ”Genom att samlas och dela kunskap kan vi superboosta utvecklingen av ett komplext område som trygghet på allmänna platser. Det här forumet är nischat och till för dem som ligger i framkant. Området har stor potential och när vi hjälps åt kan vi komma framåt snabbare och lyckas skapakloka lösningar för den hållbara staden,” säger Vanessa.

Under hösten 2023 kommer forumet att erbjuda en serie workshops för att stärka deltagarnas kunskap och kompetens inom området.

Målsättningen är att stärka deltagarna i forumet i området juridik och etik inom trygghet i offentlig miljö och IoT samt att identifiera möjligheter och utmaningar att arbeta vidare med.

Bo Baudin, IoT Sverige, menar att det är viktigt att beakta integritets- och etiska aspekter i tidigt i utvecklingen av nya datadrivna tillämpningar

“Det arbete vi nu gör inom området trygghet i stadsrummet kommer bidra generellt till hur vi bäst arbetar med integritet och etik i utvecklingen av Internet of Things” , säger Bo Baudin, IoT Sverige.

Företag som är intresserade av att delta eller veta mer kan kontakta Vanessa Ware!

Läs mer om arbetet som sker inom trygghet med hjälp av ny teknik.


Navigating the skies: Drones and urban mobility

Navigating the skies: Drones and urban mobility

How can drones help cities become safer, more efficient, and sustainable? During Mobility Day 2023, experts in urban mobility and drone technology gathered for a panel discussion on this topic, addressing the transformative potential and challenges of integrating drones into urban transportation systems.

In the evolving urban environments of today, drones are rapidly becoming integral to modern urban transport strategies. The panel – featuring representatives from RISE, The City of Stockholm, Ericsson Drone Mobility, Region Stockholm, ATS Bromma and LFV – emphasized that drones have the potential to redefine a broad range of services. From efficient package deliveries to life-saving medical supplies like automated defibrillators, drones offer a flexible and eco-friendly alternative to traditional transport methods. With the right infrastructure, it’s anticipated that drone transport could replace up to 75% of express deliveries in the future.

However, innovation doesn’t come without its challenges. Regulatory constraints present a significant bottleneck, especially around permits and urban airspace ownership. Navigating these legal frameworks involves coordination between different layers of governance – from local municipalities to EU level. The panel also underscored behavioral challenges, noting that public perceptions, concerns and acceptance of drones in urban spaces play a vital role in their successful integration. There’s need for ongoing conversations, not just among cities, innovators, and policymakers, but also with the public to streamline regulations and create a supportive setting for drone integration into urban mobility.

On the technical side, allowing drones to operate beyond the pilot’s visual range brings up some specific challenges. These include not just limited control range but also concerns in other areas like data security and public safety, especially in high-density urban areas. During the panel discussion, it was noted that advancements in 5G connectivity are essential for improving the reliability and safety of drone operations in these settings. This technological progress, in turn, requires close cooperation between drone companies and mobile network providers to fine-tune network performance specifically for drones.

In conclusion, tackling these challenges calls for a collaborative, multi-disciplinary approach. The path forward lies in aligning not just on regulations but also on infrastructure, financing, and, not least, public acceptance. By establishing a shared vision and mutual understanding among all stakeholders, the acceleration of drone deployment in cities becomes not a question of “if” but “when”. As cities like Stockholm aim for ambitious sustainability goals, drone integration stands as a powerful means to achieve them.

Thanks to our panelists for contributing to this discussion:

Rasmus Lundqvist of RISE
Erik Levander of The City of Stockholm Transport Department
Anders Carlsson of ATS Bromma, LFV
Fredrik Flyrin of Ericsson Drone Mobility
Fredrik Engströmer of Region Stockholm
Karolina Pamp of Kista Science City

 

Learn more about ongoing activities in the area of Drones and Urban air mobility.

Reach out to Karolina if you want to talk more!


The power of data sharing

Towards sustainable mobility: The power of data sharing

How can data make our transportation systems more efficient, eco-friendly, and tailored to people’s needs? A session during Mobility Day 2023 took on this big question, with experts in the field discussing how data isn’t just about numbers – it’s a key tool for making urban mobility smarter and more sustainable.

The panel – featuring representatives from Voi Technologies, The Swedish Transport Administration, The City of Stockholm and Univrses – highlighted the critical role of data in shaping a sustainable future for urban mobility.

The key takeaway was clear: relevant and actionable data is a critical element in creating transportation systems that are both resource-efficient and aligned with the needs of the community. For instance, the use of connected vehicles was described as a game-changing approach to collecting detailed data on traffic flow and user behavior, which can then inform everything from day-to-day road maintenance to long-term urban planning initiatives.

Shifting from the mere collection of data, the discussion also touched on its real-world applications. For transformative change, data needs to be part of multi-disciplinary strategies involving software developers, urban planners, and policymakers alike. This is where standardization becomes crucial. Consistent data-sharing protocols, developed and maintained at both national and international levels, were mentioned as a driving-force for the next big leaps in transportation efficiency and sustainability.

The panel also emphasized that the value of data goes beyond guiding vehicles or informing decision-makers; it’s also key in shaping public behavior and influencing policy. Understanding travel patterns and time metrics, for example, can help refine the system and ultimately encourage more sustainable mobility choices. Ethical considerations, particularly regarding data privacy and compliance with GDPR guidelines, were underscored as essential for responsibly moving towards a data-driven future.

Looking ahead, it’s clear that data and data-sharing will be central in advancing more sustainable and efficient mobility solutions, not least in urban areas. Working together – across industries and borders – is key. As Stockholm and Sweden work towards meeting ambitious sustainability goals, the effective use of data stands out as a common thread tying many efforts together.

Thanks to our panelists for contributing to this interesting discussion!

Gustaf Soldan Patrikson of Voi Technologies
Anders Asp of The Swedish Transport Administration
Robin Billsjö of The City of Stockholm
Jonathan Selbie of Univrses
Lucas Uhlén of Kista Science City

Curious about the topic and want to talk more? Reach out to Lucas!


Mobility Day 2023

It’s that time again: Join us for Mobility Day 2023!

Mark your calendars and make sure to sign up for Mobility Day 2023.
Once again, in collaboration with Ericsson, Stockholms stad and Region Stockholm, we’re diving into the crucial interplay between mobility and sustainability, forging a path to a more eco-conscious future.

Mobility and sustainability are now more intertwined than ever before. Although travel and transport contribute significantly to Sweden’s emissions, we hold the power to to make a change. Driven by innovation, emerging business models, and important changes in behavior, we’re not just envisioning a greener future—we’re actively shaping it.

This year’s Mobility Day is designed to drive this change. We’ll be zeroing in on how innovative solutions and fresh business models can support the transition of our transport system, aligning with Sweden’s ambitious climate goals.

Throughout the day, expect a diverse array of stimulating talks, insightful seminars, and compelling pitches. These activities will be complemented by an open-air exhibition featuring demos and informative stands. This unique showcase serves as a dynamic platform for inspiring discussions, offering excellent networking opportunities.

 

Mobility Day brings together decision-makers from various sectors, including tech, automotive, academia and the public sector, all with a shared focus: innovation for a sustainable and efficient transport system.

Join us in Kista on 30 August, for a day full of knowledge, inspiration and collaborative spirit , as we collectively accelerate the journey toward sustainable mobility solutions.

 

Highlights of the day:

  • Experience innovative concepts and emerging business models propelling us towards Sweden’s ambitious climate goals.
  • Engage with experts spanning tech, automotive, academia, and the public sector, all driven by the pursuit of innovative, sustainable transport solutions.
  • Delve into a captivating series of discussions, seminars, and pitches covering electrification, connectivity, data sharing, climate-smart drones, and trends in the automotive arena.
  • Demo & Exhibition: Step into an open-air showcase featuring electrified vehicles, drones, and more. Connect with industry pioneers, fellow mobility enthusiasts, and future talents.

Event Details:

Date: 30 August, 2023
Location: Kista
Time: 08:30 AM – 05:00 PM

Secure Your Spot:

For more information and registration, visit our event site. See you there!

 

Mobility day is arranged by Kista Science City together with EricssonStockholms stad and Region Stockholm. 

Mobility Day is, through Fordonsdalen React, co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund and by the Region Stockholm Project Fund for sustainable regional development.


Exploring data privacy challenges for safer public spaces

Kista Science City, the Swedish Authority for Privacy Protection (IMY), the City of Stockholm, and the strategic innovation programme IoT Sweden (IoT Sverige) are launching a unique collaboration for regulatory testing. This is the second pilot in IMY’s regulatory lab. It will explore data privacy issues when gathering essential information needed to enhance safety in public spaces.

ENSURING SAFETY AND ELEVATING NEW MARKETS

The City of Stockholm’conduct comprehensive safety assessments, recognizing that true safety lies in how people perceive and experience their surroundings.
To enable both new innovative use cases, standardisation and large-scale use of data that can be used to measure and impact safety, we are exploring cutting-edge measurement methods using sensors and a privacy-by-design approach.
Vanessa Ware, Project Manager at Kista Science City, emphasizes the significance of early exploration of regulatory issues. “By proactively investigating regulatory grey areas, we create greater predictability for innovative companies and urban developers seeking to develop and adopt new solutions that safeguard the integrity,” Vanessa explains.

IMY’S GUIDANCE IN DATA PRIVACY

The collaboration will enable IMY to offer valuable guidance to both the city and businesses navigating the complex landscape of data privacy in use cases linked to urban safety. This approach offers not only guidance for new businesses and municipalities, but will also feedback valuable learnings on new technology to IMY’s innovation hub.
“By incorporating data protection considerations early on, through regulatory testing, we can offer guidance to many at the same time as we learn about new technologies. ” Karin Lönnheden, IMY

IMPACT AND NATIONWIDE VALUE

Addressing safety in public spaces is a critical concern for municipalities across Sweden and the learnings from this work will be shared wiht a larger group and expect to generate nationwide value. IoT Sverige and Kista Science City have worked closely in creating this partnership with IMY and the City of Stockholm.


9 tips for a career in cybersecurity

Are you a student exploring career options in the tech industry? Cybersecurity offers an exciting and rewarding career path with numerous job opportunities. From ethical hacking and penetration testing to cybersecurity consulting and risk management, there are many areas of specialization within cybersecurity that offer attractive career prospects.

To help you get started, we’ve gathered tips from three experts in the Kista Science City cybersecurity community.

Do you want to work with cybersecurity? Here’s how to get started.

Eva Fogelström is responsible for the security department at Ericsson Research. These are her tips:

1

Cybersecurity is about protecting digital infrastructure, as well as mobile phones, computers, other connected devices, applications, and data. In addition to pure technology and technical solutions for risk management (understanding and prioritizing what is important), softer aspects of how people behave and act in relation to vulnerabilities and threats are also included. This means that there are many aspects of cybersecurity – hardware, software, cryptography, as well as protection of personal data (privacy), secure AI, user-friendliness, and analysis of the environment. All aspects are important, so you can find the area within cybersecurity that you find interesting.

2

Many companies offer opportunities for summer jobs, thesis work, or various types of internships. Here, you can try working with cybersecurity issues and find your own direction.

3

Cybersecurity is something that will be needed almost everywhere in future society. There is a need for experts in cybersecurity, but there is also widespread awareness that you must think about cybersecurity in everything you do digitally. Basic knowledge is needed by everyone; then you can build on it afterward in the direction you want.

Christer Böke, Concept Manager for IT Security at Atea Sweden, offers these tips:

1

Cybersecurity is a broad field, so consider whether you want to work with security from a strategic or technical role, such as Information security or IT security. Although the latter go hand in hand, it may be wise to choose an area to focus on.

2

Back up your skills with relevant certifications.

3

Try to run your internship at a well-known company that has experience and credibility within the Information-IT-Security field. That will give you more opportunities.

Kim Elman heads up RISE Center for Cybersecurity. These are his tips:

1

Take advantage of all the free knowledge available online. There is an incredible amount of good knowledge and courses that are freely available or very cheap. For example at Cybrary.it and Securitytube.net.

2

Remember that cybersecurity is broader than technology. The need for competence linked to cyber security is also great in consulting, risk management, education, politics, law, etc

3

Find entry-level jobs. Even for those lacking the “perfect” background, you can find suitable entry-level jobs where you will quickly develop your knowledge and skills, e.g. in a SOC. From there you can easily apply for other roles.